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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Studies in Culture and Society</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Studies in Culture and Society</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Studies in Culture and Society</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2576-9782</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2998-8292</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Science and Innovation Center Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">495830</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12731/2576-9782-2026-10-3-347</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ESJLIL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теория и история культуры, искусства</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theory and History of Culture, Art</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">“The spirit of architecture” in John Ruskin’s concept</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Дух архитектуры» в концепции Джона Рёскина</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краев</surname><given-names>Владимир Борисович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kraev</surname><given-names>Vladimir B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer at the Department of Cultural Studies and Design</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель кафедры культурологии и дизайна</p> <p> </p></bio><email>uuserovg@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Алтайский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Altai State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>172</fpage><lpage>198</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-04"><day>04</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date></history><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received:<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-04"><day>04</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="accepted"><event-desc>Accepted:<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="pub"><event-desc>Published:<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, V.B. Kraev</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, В.Б. Краев</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">V.B. Kraev</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">В.Б. Краев</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/2576-9782/article/view/495830">https://journals.rcsi.science/2576-9782/article/view/495830</self-uri><self-uri content-type="application/pdf" xlink:href="495830/495830-1279785-1-SM.pdf" xlink:title="PDF" xml:lang="ru">495830/495830-1279785-1-SM.pdf</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. In the philosophy of architecture by the British theorist John Ruskin (1819-1900), one can identify a specific direction of reflection – the idea of the “spirit of architecture.” The article focuses on Ruskin’s role in shaping new approaches to interpreting architecture, which were consistent with the aesthetics that continued to explore the conceptual foundations of architectural space. To summarize Ruskin’s views, certain provisions of ethics and aesthetics are used, which make it possible to view the idea of the “spirit of architecture” as a possibility of correlating the symbolization and aestheticization of reality. A deep understanding of the multi-layered nature of architecture, as established in the article, is impossible without referring to the “spirit of architecture,” which simultaneously reflects the refraction of virtues and the search for a spiritual universe within architectural space. To this end, Ruskin uses the images of the seven luminaries. Referring to them as ontological foundations for conceptualizing the “spirit of architecture” contributes to the construction of Ruskin’s ontology of architecture, which, combined with the theory of architecture and the theory of art, made it possible to examine the value-semantic nature of the development of architecture. This research perspective not only elevates Ruskin’s idea to an interdisciplinary level but also makes it possible to discuss the formation and development of a unique architectural language, as well as the emergence of new symbolic interpretations of architectural space – in particular, those reflecting the search for harmony between the natural world and human nature.</p> <p>Purpose. The article aims to identify the main directions in the conceptualization of the idea of the “spirit of architecture” in the work of John Ruskin.</p> <p>Methodology. The key methodological approach in the study is the approach developed within the framework of the philosophy of art (W.F. Schelling, I. Taine, T. Adorno).</p> <p>Results. The article offers an author’s interpretation of Ruskin’s idea of the “spirit of architecture,” taking into account Ruskin’s own conceptualization of the “spirit of architecture.” The new result is the emergence of a new level – the ontology of architecture – which makes it possible to present the “spirit of architecture” as a universe of human existence, transmitted in architectural space. To achieve this result, the most important techniques of the philosophy of architecture in Ruskin’s conceptualization were used – the symbolization and aestheticization of reality. Both of these techniques combine strict architectural and structural solutions in architecture with its “animation” in people’s perceptions. Thus, the article allows us to present John Ruskin’s concept as a distinctive approach that challenges established stereotypes in the perception and interpretation of architectural space.</p> <p>Practical implications. The obtained results can be used in the development of new ontologies in modern philosophy of art and philosophy of architecture.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обоснование. В философии архитектуры британского теоретика Джона Рёскина (1819-1900) можно выделить такое направление рефлексии как идея «духа архитектуры». <ext-link/>В статье уделяется внимание роли Рёскина в формировании новых подходов в интерпретации архитектуры, соответствующей эстетики, в рамках которой продолжалось осмысление концептуальных оснований архитектурного пространства. Для обобщения взглядов Рёскина используются некоторые положения этики и эстетики, позволяющие рассматривать идею «духа архитектуры» как возможность соотношения символизации и эстетизации реальности. Глубокое понимание многослойности архитектуры, как установлено в статье, невозможно без обращения к «духу архитектуры», отражающему одновременно преломление добродетелей и поиска духовного универсума в архитектурном пространстве. Для этого Рёскин использует образы семи светочей. Обращение к ним как к онтологическим основаниям концептуализации «духа архитектуры» способствует построению онтологии архитектуры Рёскина, которая в сочетании с теорией архитектуры и теорией искусства позволяла рассматривать ценностно-смысловую природу развития архитектуры. Такой исследовательский ракурс не только выводит идею Рёскина на междисциплинарный уровень, но позволяет вести речь о формировании и развитии своеобразного языка архитектуры, а также появлении новых символических интерпретаций архитектурного пространства, в частности, отражающих поиск гармонии природного начала и природы человека.</p> <p>Цель. В статье ставится цель выявить основные направления концептуализации идеи «духа архитектуры» в творчестве Джона Рёскина.</p> <p>Методология. Ключевым методологическим подходом в исследовании является подход, сформированный в русле философии искусства (В.Ф. Шеллинг, И. Тэн, Т. Адорно).</p> <p>Результаты. В статье предложена авторская трактовка идеи «духа архитектуры» Рёскина с учетом концептуализации «духа архитектуры» самим Рёскином. Новым результатом при этом является выход на уровень онтологии архитектуры, позволяющий представить «дух архитектуры» как универсум человеческого бытия, транслируемый в архитектурном пространстве. Для получения данного результата были использованы важнейшие приемы философии архитектуры в концептуализации Рёскина – символизация и эстетизация реальности. Оба этих приема соединяют воедино строгие архитектурно-конструктивные решения в архитектуре и ее «одушевление» в представлениях человека. Таким образом, статья позволяет представить концепцию Джона Рёскина как самобытный подход, нивелирующий устоявшиеся стереотипы в восприятии и трактовках архитектурного пространства.</p> <p>Область применения результатов. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в развитии новых онтологий в современной философии искусства и философии архитектуры.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Джон Рёскин</kwd><kwd>готичность</kwd><kwd>архитектура</kwd><kwd>«дух архитектуры»</kwd><kwd>эстетика</kwd><kwd>символизация реальности</kwd><kwd>эстетизация реальности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>John Ruskin</kwd><kwd>Gothicism</kwd><kwd>architecture</kwd><kwd>“the spirit of architecture”</kwd><kwd>aesthetics</kwd><kwd>symbolization of reality</kwd><kwd>aestheticization of reality</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anikin, G. V. (1986). 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